Water demand management
A Legal Framework for Auditing the Water Systems of Large-scale Consumers
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
A Smart Mix of Mutually Supportive Measures to Ensure a High Level of Water Service in Singapore Despite Scarce Water Resources
Level:
National
Region:
South Asia
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Adaptation to a Growing Population through the Decline of Per Capita Consumption Triggered by Increasing Block Tariffs — Rabat-Casablanca Costal Areas, Morocco
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Adaptation to Climate Change through Improved Water Demand Management in Irrigated Agriculture by Introduction of New Technologies and Best Agricultural Practices
Countries:
Jordan | Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Awareness raising | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university
Agriculture
Adaptation to Climate Change to Sustain Jordan’s MDG Achievements
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Agreements on Groundwater Use To Mitigate The Devastating Effect Of Resource Depletion And Droughts On An Agricultural Area Of Morocco
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities
Water demand management
Agricultural Demonstration Pilot in the North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (SASS) Area
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Awareness raising | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Farmers
Water demand management
Autonomous Desalination System Concepts for Sea Water and Brackish Water in Rural Areas with Renewable Energies – Potentials, Technologies, Field Experience, Socio-Technical and Socio-Economic Impacts. (ADIRA)
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Water authorities | Water companies
Communication and participation
Capacity Building on Water Security and Climate Resilient Development
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Awareness raising | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government
Water demand management
Case Study At SONEDE, Tunisia: Tracking Illegal Consumption Among Drinking-Water-Utility Subscribers Based on An Existing Legal Framework Punishing Water Theft
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Case Study on How a Public Drinking Water Utility Has Applied and Adapted the Progressive Tariff for Over 45 Years to Satisfy Its Financial Needs While Ensuring Affordability for Domestic Users and Providing Incentives to Rationalise Water Consumption
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Climate change
Climate Change Risk Management in Egypt (MDGF-1675)
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
COLT Project: Real Time Agricultural Classification for Water Needs Estimation in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Level:
National
Region:
Europe
Tags:
Agriculture | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities
Climate change
Coordination between Sectors and Stakeholders in the Development of a National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions and Measurement, Reporting and Verification
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Awareness raising | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Drought Response | Mitigation measure | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water companies
Water demand management
Description of The Main Axes of The Strategy Adopted by The Tunisian Authorities Since The 1990s To Encourage Water Savings in Irrigated Perimeters and Their Concrete Results
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water authorities
Water demand management
Development of A Water Consumption Model for The Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) Campus Female Students Dormitory (CFSD)
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Urban water supply
Target audience:
Citizens | Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Domestic Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting – A Case Study of Madgyal Village
Level:
Local
Region:
South Asia
Tags:
Drought Response | Resilience | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Citizens | NGOs and CSOs
Water demand management
Drinking Water Provision from Fog Harvesting in The Anti-Atlas Mountains in Morocco
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Drought management
Drought Management Centre for South East Europe
Level:
International
Region:
Europe
Tags:
Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Resilience
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Economic Impact of Agrometeorological Assistance- Cap Bon (Tunisia)
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Effect of Pricing Policy on Water Conservation: A Case Study from Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Climate change
Enhancing The Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy | Resilience
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Euro-Med Participatory Water Resources Scenarios - Improving Long-Term Access and Rights to Water for Local Populations in Egypt, Jordan And West Bank/Gaza
Countries:
Egypt | Jordan
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Awareness raising | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university
Communication and participation
Euro-Mediterranean Information System on The Know-how in The Water Sector (EMWIS/SEMIDE)
Countries:
Egypt | Jordan | Tunisia
Level:
International
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Awareness raising | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Agriculture
From Irrigated Agriculture to Solar Energy Farming in The Azraq Basin, Jordan
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture
Target audience:
Farmers
Water demand management
Greywater Irrigation in Rural Areas of Jordan: Opportunities for Saving Fresh Water and Poverty Reduction
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Jordan
Implementation of Water-Efficient Landscape Programmes
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Improved Water Resources Security for Low-Income Rural and Urban Communities: Action Plan for the Yarmouk River Basin
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Farmers | NGOs and CSOs
Communication and participation
Improvement of Irrigation Water Management in Jordan and Lebanon (IRWA)
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Students/university
Instituting Water Demand Management in Jordan (IDARA)
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Citizens | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Communication and participation
Institutional and Social Innovations in Irrigation — Mediterranean Management (ISIIMM)
Level:
International
Region:
Mediterranean region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Institutional measure | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Integrated Water Resources Management Burkina Faso
Level:
Local
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Integrated Water Resources Management
Target audience:
Citizens | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Integrated Water Resources Management in The “Middle Olifants” River Basin, South Africa
Level:
Regional
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Citizens | Water authorities | Water companies
Communication and participation
Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Planning
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Leak Detection and Repair to Improve Network Performance in Fez, Morocco
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Urban water supply
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Water authorities | Water companies
Drought management
Mainstreaming Rio Convention Provisions into National Sectorial Policies (National Drought management strategy for Jordan)
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Drought Response | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
National government | Water authorities
Drought management
MEDROPLAN - Mediterranean Drought Preparedness and Mitigation Planning
Level:
International
Region:
Mediterranean region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university
Communication and participation
My Climate Change Responsibility
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Awareness raising
Target audience:
Citizens | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs
Drought management
National Strategy for Low-Cost Water Harvesting Techniques: Case Study from Saint Catherine, South Sinai
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities
Climate change
Nile Basin Adaptation to Water Stress
Level:
International
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Nile Basin Initiative DSS
Level:
Regional
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Pairing Groundwater-Based Irrigation Well Registration with the Continuation of Electricity Subsidy for Water Pumping
Level:
National
Region:
North America
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities
Water demand management
Pilot Project on the Use of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation at the Iaat Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Climate change
Pilot project to protect low-lying areas using dykes as a soft-structure technique
Level:
National
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | National government | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities
Water demand management
Polluted Drainage Water: Natural In-Stream Remediation
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Target audience:
Citizens | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | Water authorities
Water demand management
Private sector participation in water management: Amman water management contract case study
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Providing sustainable drinking water services in rural Africa with the application of modern technologies
Level:
Local
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Economic instrument
Target audience:
Citizens | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs | Water companies
Water demand management
Rainwater harvesting in the water and sanitation plumbing code for Jordan
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Citizens | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Reducing non-revenue water by improving billing and collection: Case study of micro-private sector participation in Madaba, Jordan
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Economic instrument | Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Citizens | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Reduction of Non-Revenue Water in Limassol, Cyprus
Level:
Local
Region:
Europe
Tags:
Economic instrument | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Drought management
Regional Action Plan against Desertification (PARLCD)
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | NGOs and CSOs
Water demand management
Regional Coordination on Improved Water Resources Management and Capacity Building Program (RCIWRM)
Countries:
Egypt | Jordan | Tunisia
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Awareness raising | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Review of the Tunisian experience in treated wastewater reuse from the beginning of the 1960s, with a focus on results and the legal and regulatory measures taken to encourage the process
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Climate change
Roots up - A multifunctional greenhouse to grow food and collect water
Level:
Local
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university
Drought management
Roots Up: A multifunctional greenhouse to grow food and collect water
Level:
Local
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Scientists | University
Water demand management
Segmentation of the drinking water distribution network combined with a meter installation programme as the foundation to reduce non-revenue water (NRW) in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Urban water supply
Target audience:
Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Communication and participation
South Sudan Training and Capacity Building in Water Resources
Level:
Regional
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities
Water demand management
Stakeholder participatory sustainable water management at farm level (MEDWA)
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Drought management
Strengthening National Capacities to Manage Water Scarcity and Drought in West Asia and North Africa - Project 121C "ROA-207"
Countries:
Egypt | Jordan | Tunisia
Level:
Regional
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Capacity building & knowledge transfer | Drought Response | Institutional measure | Planning & Policy
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university
Communication and participation
Strengthening Water Management Transfer (SWMT)
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Planning & Policy | Stakeholder involvement
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government
Water demand management
Sustainable concepts towards a zero outflow municipality (Zer0-M)
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Communication and participation
Sustainable Water Management in Agriculture in Tunisia
Countries:
Tunisia
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Adaptation measure | Agriculture | Capacity building & knowledge transfer
Target audience:
Farmers | NGOs and CSOs | Students/university | Water companies
Water demand management
Upgrading the WWTP to Provide Treated Wastewater Effluent for Agricultural Purposes in Cyprus
Level:
National
Region:
Europe
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Waste Water Reuse for Agriculture Pilot Project at the Jordan University of Science and Technology
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Wastewater reuse for reforestation in Luxor, Egypt
Countries:
Egypt
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Scientists | Water authorities
Water demand management
Water Auditing and Retrofitting of the Ministry of Awqaf, Islamic Affairs and Holy Places, Jordan
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
National
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Institutional measure | Urban water supply
Target audience:
Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Water harvesting from concentrated runoff for irrigation purposes in Boqueras, Spain
Level:
Local
Region:
Mediterranean region
Tags:
Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government
Water demand management
Water Loss Control Programme in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Level:
Local
Region:
Latin America and Caribbean
Tags:
Urban water supply
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Industry/business | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities | Water companies
Climate change
Water Management Model for the Niger River Basin
Level:
International
Region:
Africa
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument | Mitigation measure
Target audience:
Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | Regional government | Water authorities | Water companies
Water demand management
Water runoff harvesting for olive plantations in Syria through annually reconstructed V-shaped micro-catchments, enhanced by downslope ploughing
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | Local government/municipalities | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government
Water demand management
Water user associations: Participative irrigation management in the Jordan valley
Countries:
Jordan
Level:
Local
Region:
MENA Region
Tags:
Agriculture | Economic instrument | Institutional measure
Target audience:
Agricultural authorities | Citizens | Environmental authorities | Farmers | National government | NGOs and CSOs | Regional government | Students/university | Water authorities